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Home / Proteins & Peptide

Chlorotoxin

SKU : BHP21300168

An Inhibitor of Chloride Channels

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Mfr.No.	STC-460, STC-460_0.1 mg, STC-460_0.25 mg, STC-460_0.5 mg, STC-460_1 mg, STC-460_10 mg, STC-460_5 mg
Description	An Inhibitor of Chloride Channels
Reconstitution	Centrifuge the vial (10,000 x g for 5 minutes) before adding solvent to spin down all the powder to the bottom of the vial. The lyophilized product may be difficult to visualize. Add solvent directly to the centrifuged vial. Gently tap, tilt, and roll the vial to aid dissolution. Avoid vigorous vortexing; light vortexing for up to 3 seconds is acceptable if needed. The product is soluble in pure water at high micromolar concentrations (100 uM - 1 mM). For long-term storage in solution, we recommend preparing a stock solution by dissolving the product in double-distilled water (ddH2O) at a concentration between 100-1000x of the final working concentration. Divide the stock solution into small aliquots and store at -20°C. Before use, thaw the relevant vial(s) and dilute to the desired working concentration in your working buffer. Centrifuge all product preparations before use. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions in working buffers just before use. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity.
Molecular Formula	C158H249N53O47S11
Background	Native chlorotoxin (CTX) is a 36-amino acid peptide, originally isolated from the venom of the giant yellow Israeli scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Its primary amino acid sequence shows considerable homology to a class of short insectotoxins.1Initially, CTX was demonstrated as an irreversible inhibitor of small conductance Cl- channels in colonic epithelial cells and Cl- fluxes across glioma cell membranes.2,3 Inhibition of Cl- channels with CTX prevents cell volume changes, and in turn, inhibits tumor cell invasion and migration.4-6Immunohistochemical studies show that CTX specifically and selectively binds to glioma cell lines and to tissue biopsies from patients with various malignant gliomas and other embryonic related tumors of neuroectodermal origin but not to normal brain tissue.These findings have lead to clinical evaluation for the therapeutic and diagnostic use of CTX, a synthetic derivate, in patients with malignant glioma. This derivative of CTX has been shown to selectively label human gliomas in vivo and in vitro and demonstrated all of the known physical and biological activities of the naturally occurring CTX.7,8Further studies on the interaction of CTX with Cl- channels suggest that these effects are indirect; affinity purification with a recombinant CTX identified the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) as a CTX binder in glioma cells. The actual receptor for CTX appears to be a protein complex that contains MMP2 and Cl- channel 3 (ClC-3). Binding of CTX induces endocytosis of this complex and hence the ClC-3 channels. This finding might explain the irreversible action of CTX and its relatively slow time course of Cl- channel blockage.9,10
Biological Activity	Chlorotoxin blocks small conductance Cl- channels of epithelial cells and also blocks Cl- channels expressed in gliomas1,2.
Formulation	Lyophilized from double distilled water (ddH2O). May contain TFA as a residual counter ion.
Molecular Weight	3995.8 Da
Solubility	Centrifuge the vial before adding solvent (10,000 x g for 5 minutes) to spin down all the powder to the bottom of the vial. The lyophilized product may be difficult to visualize. Add solvent directly to the centrifuged vial. Tap the vial to aid in dissolving the lyophilized product. Tilt and gently roll the liquid over the walls of the vial. Avoid vigorous vortexing. Light vortexing for up to 3 seconds is acceptable if needed. The product is soluble in pure water at high micromolar concentrations (100 uM - 1 mM). For long-term storage in solution, we recommend preparing a stock solution by dissolving the product in double-distilled water (ddH2O) at a concentration between 100-1000x of the final working concentration. Divide the stock solution into small aliquots and store at -20°C. Before use, thaw the relevant vial(s) and dilute to the desired working concentration in your working buffer. Centrifuge all product preparations before use. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions in working buffers just before use. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity.
Source	Synthetic peptide
Accession Number	P45639
Concentration	50 - 600 nM
Form	Lyophilized
Notes	Steril endotoxin free: no Is Toxin: Yes
Cas Number	163515-35-3
UNSPSC Code	12352202
Lead Time	1-2 Business Days
Modifications	Disulfide bonds between: Cys2-Cys19, Cys5-Cys28, Cys16-Cys33 and Cys20-Cys35 Arg36 - C-terminal amidation
Origin	Leiurus quinquestriatus (scorpion)

Synonyms	CTX, Cltx
Gene Id	CLCN3,MMP2
Sequence	MCMPCFTTDHQMARKCDDCCGGKGRGKCYGPQCLCR-NH2
Target	Chloride channels

Country Of Origin	Israel/IL
Purity	>=98% (HPLC)
Storage	Storage After Reconstitution: The reconstituted solution can be stored at 4°C for up to 1 week. For longer periods (up to 6 months), small aliquots should be stored at -20°C. We do not recommend storing the product in working solutions for longer than a few days. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Storage Before Reconstitution: The product is shipped as a lyophilized powder at room temperature. Upon receipt, store the product at -20°C. Protect from moisture. Storage of solutions: The reconstituted solution can be stored at 4°C for up to 1 week. For longer periods (up to 6 months), small aliquots should be stored at -20°C. We do not recommend storing the product in working solutions for longer than a few days. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.

Reference	DeBin, J.A. and Strichartz, G.R. (1991) Toxicon 29, 1403. DeBin, J.A. et al. (1993) Am. J. Physiol. 264, C361. Soroceanu, L. et al. (1999) J. Neurosci. 19, 5942. Ullrich, N. et al. (1998) Neuroscience 83, 1161. Ullrich, N. et al. (1996) Neuroreport 7, 1020. Soroceanu, L. et al. (1998) Cancer Res. 58, 4871. Lyons, S.A. et al. (2002) Glia 39, 162. Deshane, J. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4135. McFerrin, M.B. and Sontheimer, H. (2006) Neuron Glia Biol. 2, 39. DeBin, J.A. et al. (1993) Am. J. Physiol. 264, C361. Soroceanu, L. et al. (1999) J. Neurosci. 19, 5942.

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Combination SKU	Supplier No.	Size	Your price	Quantity
BHP21300168-1	STC-460_0.1 mg	0.1 mg	$106		Add to Cart
BHP21300168-2	STC-460_0.25 mg	0.25 mg	$262		Add to Cart
BHP21300168-3	STC-460_0.5 mg	0.5 mg	$461		Add to Cart
BHP21300168-4	STC-460_1 mg	1 mg	$714		Add to Cart
BHP21300168-5	STC-460_10 mg	10 mg	$4542		Add to Cart
BHP21300168-6	STC-460_5 mg	5 mg	$2842		Add to Cart

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